LPI 筆記本 (LPI Note)

1.110 X視窗系統詳細目標

2007-04-25T16:58:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation、www.lpi-china.org
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯、lpi-china網站

101 考試 : 課題 110 X視窗系統詳細目標

想要取得LPIC Level 1 資格者，必需通過本考試，考試的內容涵概了在所有Linux發行版本共通的系統管理技巧。
重要訊息：

下面所列的101考試目標自2006.01.01生效。
因應101考試目標的更新，全球的考試中心將在2006年初更新英文版的101考試，至於其它語言版本則早晚於2007年會完成更新。
2006年後的應試者應該以下列考試目標作為應試的準備。

每個目標都被分配一個從1到10不等的權重值，代表著各目標的重要性，權重值愈高也代表著分配的考題數愈多。

維護者: Dimitrios "Taki" Bogiatzoules, Product Developer
最後修改日期: 2005-12-31

課題 110: X視窗系統

1.110.1 X11的安裝與設定

權重: 5
說明: 應試者應該俱備有安裝與設定X與X字型伺服器的能力。

關鍵知識區:

檢驗X Server所支援的顯示卡與顯示器。
依據顯示卡與顯示器調整X。
安裝與設定X字型伺服器。
安裝字型。
手動編輯X視窗設定檔。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

xorgcfg
xorgconfig
/etc/X11/xorg.conf XF86Setup
xf86config
xvidtune 
/etc/X11/XF86Config
.Xresources

1.110.2 安裝視窗管理介面

權重: 3
說明: 應試者應該俱備有安裝與設定視窗管理程式(包含XDM、GDM與KDM)的能力。

關鍵知識區:

啟動與關閉視窗管理程式。
改變視窗管理程式的歡迎畫面。
改變視窗管理程式預設的色彩品質(色彩深度)。
為X工作站設定視窗管理程式。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/etc/inittab 
/etc/X11/xdm/* 
/etc/X11/kdm/* 
/etc/X11/gdm/*

1.110.4 安裝與調整視窗管理程式環境

權重: 5
說明: 應試者應該俱備有調整system-wide桌面環境與視窗管理程式的能力。

關鍵知識區:

表現出對視窗管理程式功能表與桌面面版功能表的個人化步驟的了解。
選擇與設定所需要的x-終端機(如：xterm、rxvt、aterm...等)。
確認與解決X應用軟體的函式相依議題。
輸出X-display到一個用戶端工作站。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

.xinitrc 
.Xdefaults 
xhost
DISPLAY 環境變數

1.104 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS 詳細目標

2007-04-25T13:56:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation、www.lpi-china.org
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯、lpi-china網站

101 考試 : 課題 104 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS 詳細目標

想要取得LPIC Level 1 資格者，必需通過本考試，考試的內容涵概了在所有Linux發行版本共通的系統管理技巧。
重要訊息：

下面所列的101考試目標自2006.01.01生效。
因應101考試目標的更新，全球的考試中心將在2006年初更新英文版的101考試，至於其它語言版本則早晚於2007年會完成更新。
2006年後的應試者應該以下列考試目標作為應試的準備。

課題 104: 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS

1.104.1 建立分割區與檔案系統

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有在儲存媒體(如硬碟)上設定分割區並建立檔案系統(包含處理swap分割區)的能力。

關鍵知識區:

使用各種mkfs指令設定分割區並建立各種檔案系統(如：ext2, ext3, reiserfs, vfat與xfs)。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

fdisk
mkfs
mkswap

1.104.2 維護檔案系統的完整性

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有維護標準檔案系統的能力並知道日誌檔系統相關的特殊資料。

關鍵知識區:

能檢驗檔系統的完整性。
能監視剩餘空間與inod狀況。
修復簡單的檔案系統問題。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

du
df
fsck
e2fsck
mke2fs
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs

1.104.3 控制檔案系統的掛載與卸載

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有設定檔案系統掛載的能力。

關鍵知識區:

手動掛載與卸載檔案系統。
設定開機時自動掛載檔案系統。
設定使用者可掛載與卸載的檔案系統(如：磁帶機、軟碟與光碟機)

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/etc/fstab
mount
umount

1.104.4 管理磁碟配額

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有管理使用者磁碟配額的能力。

關鍵知識區:

為某個檔案系統設定磁碟配額。
編輯、檢查並產生使用者的配額報告。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

quota
edquota
repquota
quotaon

1.104.5 運用檔案權限控制檔案的存取權

權重: 5

說明: 應試者應該俱備有運用適當檔案權限以控制檔案存取權的能力。

關鍵知識區:

管理一般及特殊檔案、目錄的存取權限。
使用存取模式(如：SUID、SGID與sticky位元)以維護安全。
運用群組的劃分將檔案存取權授予工作群組。
知道ACL(Access Control Lists存取控制清單)的基本知識。
知道如何改變shell中預設的檔案權限模式。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

chmod
umask
chattr(那裡適合使用)

1.104.6 管理檔案擁有權

權重: 1

說明: 應試者應該俱備有檔案的使用者與其群組擁有權的能力，包含能夠變改檔案的擁有者與群組及新檔案的預設群組。

關鍵知識區:

管理一般及特殊檔案、目錄的存取權限。
運用群組的劃分將檔案存取權授予工作群組。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

chmod
chown
chgrp

1.104.7 建立與改變硬式、軟式連結

權重: 1

說明: 應試者應該俱備有建立與改變檔案的硬式和軟式連結的能力。

關鍵知識區:

建立連結。
辨別硬式連與軟式連結。
透過連結檔進行複製。
使用連結檔來支援系統管理任務。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

ln

1.104.8 尋找系統檔案與將檔案置放於正確的位置。

權重: 5

說明: 應試者應該完全熟悉FHS(檔案系統架構標準)，包含傳統的檔案位置與目錄類別。

關鍵知識區:

知道FHS下檔案的正確位置。
在Linux系統下找尋檔案與指令。
知道FHS定義下重要檔案與目錄所建議的存放位置。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

find
locate
slocate
updatedb
whereis
which
/etc/updatedb.conf

1.103 GNU與Unix指令詳細目標

2007-04-25T11:43:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation、www.lpi-china.org
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯、lpi-china網站

101 考試 : 課題 103 GNU與Unix指令詳細目標

想要取得LPIC Level 1 資格者，必需通過本考試，考試的內容涵概了在所有Linux發行版本共通的系統管理技巧。
重要訊息：

下面所列的101考試目標自2006.01.01生效。
因應101考試目標的更新，全球的考試中心將在2006年初更新英文版的101考試，至於其它語言版本則早晚於2007年會完成更新。
2006年後的應試者應該以下列考試目標作為應試的準備。

課題: 103 GNU與Unix指令

1.103.1 在命令列下工作

權重: 5

說明: 應試者應該俱備有能在命令列下運用shell與指令互動的能力(本目標所指的shell是Bash)。

關鍵知識區:

在命令列環境下使用單一shell指令或單行指令順序以完成基本的任務。
使用與設定shell環境，包含：定義、引用與輸出環境變數。
使用與編輯指令歷程。
無論指令是否在預設的指命路徑($PATH)下都能執行指令(貓註：絕對路徑與相對路徑的使用)。
運用遞迴參數，使指令的工作範圍跨越目錄樹。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

. 
bash
echo
env
exec
export
pwd
set
unset
~/.bash_history
~/.profile

1.103.2 使用過濾工具處理文字流

權重: 6

說明: 應試者應該俱備有使用過濾工具處理文字流的能力。

關鍵知識區:

使用在GNU文字工具套件下的標準UNIX指令，將文字檔或輸出流送到文字過濾工具以改變其輸出結果。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

cat
cut
expand
fmt
head
hexdump
join
nl
paste
pr
sed
sort
split
tac
tail
tr
unexpand
uniq
wc

1.103.3 基本檔案管理的執行

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有使用基本的Linux指令以管理檔案與目錄。

關鍵知識區:

複製、移動與移除個別檔案或目錄。
使用遞迴參數來複製移除多個檔案和目錄。
使用遞迴參數來複製移除檔案和目錄。
能在指令中使用簡單與進階的通配符(Wildcard)格式(如：*、?、^、%...等)。
使用find指令搜尋或操作所指定(類型、大小、時間)的檔案。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

cp
find 
mkdir 
mv 
ls 
rm 
rmdir 
touch 
file globbing

1.103.4 使用文字流、管線與重導向

權重: 5

說明: 應試者應該俱備有重導與連接文字流以有效處理文件資料。

關鍵知識區:

標準輸入、標準輸出與標準錯誤輸出的重新導向。
使用管線將一個指的輸出導向成另一個指令的輸入。
將一個指的輸出變成另一個指令的參數。
能將其輸出同時成為標準輸出和記錄於檔案中。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

tee 
xargs 
< 
<< 
> 
>> 
| 
` ` (back ticks)

1.103.5 建立、監視與刪除程序

權重: 5

說明: 應試者應該俱備有執行基本程序管理的能力。

關鍵知識區:

以背景或前景方式執行工作。
啟動一個非關終端機的程序(貓註：不大清礎這個意思)。
給程式一個訊號，即使執行者登出後程式仍可繼續執行。
監視活動的程序。
選擇與排列程序的顯示。
傳送訊號給程序。
終止程序(包含在X工作結束後仍未結束的程序)。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

& 
bg 
fg 
jobs 
kill 
nohup 
ps 
top
killall

1.103.6 調整程序的執行優先權

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有管理程序執行優先權的能力。

關鍵知識區:

知道程序建立時的預設優先權。
使用較高或較低的優先權來執行程序。
改變一個執行中程序的優先權。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

nice 
ps 
renice 
top

1.103.7 使用REGEPX(常規表示式)來搜尋檔案

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有使用REGEPX(常規表示式)來操縱檔案與文字資料的能力。

關鍵知識區:

建立包含幾個特殊字元的簡單常規表示式。
使用常規表示式工具在檔案系統或檔案內容中執行搜尋工作。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

grep
sed

1.103.8 使用vi執行基本的檔案編輯操作

權重: 1

說明: 應試者應該俱備有使用vi來編輯檔案的能力。

關鍵知識區:

使用vi瀏灠文件。
使用vi的基本模式(命令模式、插入模式與替換模式)
插入、編輯、刪除、複製與尋找文字。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

vi
/, ?
h,j,k,l
G, H, L
i, c, d, dd, p, o, a
ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!
:!

1.102 Linux的安裝與套件管理詳細目標

2007-04-20T16:53:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation、www.lpi-china.org
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯、lpi-china網站

101 考試 : 課題 102 Linux的安裝與套件管理詳細目標

想要取得LPIC Level 1 資格者，必需通過本考試，考試的內容涵概了在所有Linux發行版本共通的系統管理技巧。
重要訊息：

下面所列的101考試目標自2006.01.01生效。
因應101考試目標的更新，全球的考試中心將在2006年初更新英文版的101考試，至於其它語言版本則早晚於2007年會完成更新。
2006年後的應試者應該以下列考試目標作為應試的準備。

課題 102: Linux的安裝與套件管理

1.102.1 硬碟分割規劃

權重: 5

說明: 應試者應該俱備有為Linux系統做硬碟分割規劃的能力。

關鍵知識區:

在獨立的硬碟或分割區上規劃檔案系統與swap空間。
依照系統的使用目的而修正分割區的規劃。
確認/boot分割區滿足BIOS開機需求。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/ (root) 檔案系統
/var 檔案系統
/home 檔案系統
swap 空間
掛載點
分割區

1.102.2 安裝開機管理程式

權重: 1

說明: 應試者應該俱備有選擇、安裝與設定開機管理程式的能力。

關鍵知識區:

提供多種開機方式(如：軟碟或光碟開機)，並備份開機選項。
安裝與設定開機管理程式(如：GRUB與LILO)。
能與開機管理程式進行互動。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/boot/grub/grub.conf
/boot/grub/menu.lst
grub-install
MBR
superblock
first stage boot loader
/etc/lilo.conf
lilo

1.102.3 利用原始碼檔案進行程式的編譯與安裝。

權重: 5

說明: 應試者除了應該俱備有從原始碼檔案建立並安裝可執行程式的能力(其中包含解開原始檔的封裝)外，也應該能為Makefile檔設定簡單的個人化設定(例如：改變路徑、增加額外包含的路徑或者使用configure設定工具)。

關鍵知識區:

使用傳統壓縮工具來解開原始檔封裝。
為Makefile檔設定簡單的個人化設定(例如：改變路徑或增加額外包含的路徑)
在configure的執行script中新增參數。
知道原始碼檔案預設的儲存位置。
將原始碼檔案編譯成RPM或DPKG套件封裝。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

RPM與DPKG指令
/usr/src/
gunzip
gzip
bzip2 
tar 
configure 
make

1.102.4 管理共享函式庫

權重: 3

說明: 應試者應該俱備有確定程式執行時所依賴的共享函式庫，並在需要時進行函式庫的安裝。

關鍵知識區:

確認共享函式庫。
知道系統函式庫的預設位置。
能載入共享函式庫。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

ldd
ldconfig
/etc/ld.so.conf 
LD_LIBRARY_PATH 變數

1.102.5 使用Debian套件管理DPKG

權重: 8

說明: 應試者應該俱備有使用Debian套件工具以執行套件管理的能力。

關鍵知識區:

安裝、升級與移除Debian套件軟體。
尋找套件所包含的特定檔案或函式庫(可能已安裝或未安裝)。
獲取套件資訊，如：版本、內容、相依性、套件完整性與安裝狀態(無論套件是否安裝)

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

unpack
configure
/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg
/var/lib/dpkg/*
/etc/apt/apt.conf
/etc/apt/sources.list
dpkg
dselect
dpkg-reconfigure
apt-get
alien

1.102.6 使用Red Hat套件管理程式RPM

權重: 8

說明: 應試者應該俱備有使用RPM套件工具以執行套件管理的能力。

關鍵知識區:

安裝、升級、重新安裝與移除rpm套件軟體。
獲取RPM套件資訊，如：版本、狀態、相依性、套件完整性與簽章。
能找出那一個套件所提供的檔案，亦能由特定的檔案辨別其來源套件。

1.101 硬體與架構詳細目標

2007-04-18T16:54:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation、www.lpi-china.org
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯、lpi-china網站

101 考試 : 課題 101 硬體與架構詳細目標

想要取得LPIC Level 1 資格者，必需通過本考試，考試的內容涵概了在所有Linux發行版本共通的系統管理技巧。
重要訊息：

下面所列的101考試目標自2006.01.01生效。
因應101考試目標的更新，全球的考試中心將在2006年初更新英文版的101考試，至於其它語言版本則早晚於2007年會完成更新。
2006年後的應試者應該以下列考試目標作為應試的準備。

課題 101: 硬體與架構

1.101.1 BIOS的基本設定

權重: 1
說明: 應試者應該俱備有將x86架構下將系統硬體組態正確設定於BIOS中的能力。

關鍵知識區:

周邊硬體的啟用與停用設定。
使用或不使用外在周邊硬體(如：鍵盤)設定系統。
為BIOS管理的所有連接埠設定正確的IRQ、DMA與I/O位址，並能處理其發生的錯誤。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/proc/ioports
/proc/interrupts
/proc/dma
/proc/pci

1.101.3 設定數據機和音效卡

權重: 1
說明: 應試者應該俱備有設定數據機和音效卡的能力。

關鍵知識區:

確定設備滿足兼容性要求，尤其是Modem(不含不支援Linux的Win-Modem)。
確認介面卡使用了正確的資源。
將數據機設定為對外撥號。
設定序列埠的傳送速率。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/proc/dma
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
/proc/pci
lspci
lsusb

1.101.4 安裝非IDE裝置

權重: 1
說明: 應試者應該俱備使用專門的BIOS與Linux下的必需工具來設定非IDE裝置(如：SCSI、SATA與USB)的能力。

關鍵知識區:

辨識不同種類的非IDE裝置。
利用BIOS中的資訊檢測已使用與未使用的SCSI ID。
為不同的裝置(尤其是開機裝置)設定正確的硬體ID。
當IDE裝置與非IDE裝置同時存在時，透過BIOS的設定來控制開機順序。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

SCSI ID
/proc/scsi/
scsi_info

1.101.5 安裝不同的個人電腦擴充卡

權重: 3
說明: 應試者應該俱備有設定不同種類的擴充卡的能力。

關鍵知識區:

知道冷插拔與熱插拔裝置的不同。
確認裝置使用的硬體資源。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/proc下的子目錄
熱插拔設定檔與工具
lspci
lsusb

1.101.6 通訊設備的設定

權重: 1

說明: 應試者應該俱備有安裝、設定不同內部或外部通訊設備(如：數據機、ISDN適配器、DSL數據機)的能力。

關鍵知識區:

辨認相容性需求(指moden而非win-moden)。
為介面卡設定正確的IRQs、DMAs與I/O存取埠以避免裝置發生衝突。
為裝置載入與設定合適趨動程式。
設定序列埠的傳送速率。
為數據機設定外撥ppp連線。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

/proc/dma
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
setserial

1.101.7 設定USB裝置

權重: 1
說明: 應試者應該俱備有啟用對USB的支援、使用與設定不同USB裝置的能力。

關鍵知識區:

確認與載入正確的USB趨動模組。
能夠理解USB的層次模型結構以及在不同層上使用的不同模組。

關鍵檔案、語詞與工具:

lspci
xHCI modules
lsusb
/etc/usbmgr/
usbmodules
/etc/hotplug
udev的設定檔、工具與說明文件

LPI Exam 202 Detailed Objectives

2007-04-12T10:57:00.001+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org
參考資料：LPI網站

Exam 202: Detailed Objectives

This is a required exam for LPI certification Level 2. It covers basic system administration skills that are common across all distributions of Linux.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: These are the current 202 objectives, which are valid effective 2006-03-01. The 201 exams, which are delivered through test centres all over the world, will reflect these updated objectives for English in mid 2006 and all other languages by late 2006/early 2007. Candidates should be prepared to take exams based upon these objectives after 2Q2006.

Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights range roughly from 1 to 10 and indicate the relative importance of each objective. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Maintainer: Dimitrios "Taki" Bogiatzoules, Product Developer

Last modification: 2006-02-28

Topic 205: Networking Configuration

2.205.1 Basic networking configuration

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network, configure dialup access, its authentication protocols and logging.

Key knowledge area(s):

Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
Use and configuration of modems, ISDN interface cards and ethernet interfaces as dialup devices.
Authentication protocols such as PAP and CHAP.
Configuring wireless networks.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/sbin/route
/sbin/ifconfig
/bin/ip
/sbin/arp
/usr/sbin/arpwatch
/sbin/iwconfig
/sbin/wlanctl-ng
/sbin/wpa_supplicant
/etc/

2.205.2 Advanced Network Configuration and Troubleshooting

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device, configuring a VPN client and resolving communication problems.

Key knowledge area(s):

Utilities to manipulate routing tables
Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices
Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic
OpenVPN

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/sbin/route
/sbin/ifconfig
/bin/netstat
/bin/ping
/sbin/arp
/usr/sbin/tcpdump
/usr/sbin/lsof
/usr/bin/nc
/bin/ip
/etc/openvpn/*
openvpn

Topic 206 Mail & News

2.206.1 Configuring mailing lists

Weight: 1

Description: Install and maintain mailing lists. Monitor and resolve problems by viewing the logs.

Key knowledge area(s):

Install, configure and manipulate mailing lists
Mailman configuration files, terms and utilities
Majordomo configuration files, terms and utilities
Ezmlm configuration files, terms and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Not applicable

2.206.2 Using email servers

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to manage an email server, including the configuration of email aliases, email quotas and virtual email domains. This objective includes configuring internal email relays and monitoring email servers.

Key knowledge area(s):

Configuration files for postfix, qmail, exim and sendmail
Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Configuration files and commands for postfix, qmail, exim and sendmail
/etc/aliases
/etc/mail/*
/etc/postfix/*
/var/qmail/control/*
sendmail emulation layer commands

2.206.3 Managing Mail Traffic

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to implement client email management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user email.

Key knowledge area(s):

procmail configuration files, tools and utilities
Usage of procmail on both server and client side

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

~/.procmail
/etc/procmailrc
procmail

2.206.4 Serving news

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure news servers. This objective includes customising and monitoring served newsgroups.

Key knowledge area(s):

INN configuration files, terms and utilities
Leafnode configuration files, terms and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

innd
fetnchnews

Topic 207: DNS

2.207.1 Basic DNS server configuration

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as a caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to convert older BIND configuration files to newer format, managing a running server and configuring logging.

Key knowledge area(s):

BIND 8.x and 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities
Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files
Reloading modified configuration and zone files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/named.conf
/usr/sbin/ndc
/usr/sbin/rndc
/usr/sbin/named-bootconf
kill

2.207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone or root level server. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.

Key knowledge area(s):

BIND 8.x and 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities
Utilities to request information from the DNS server
Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files
Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, inlcuding reverse zones

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

contents of /var/named/
zone file syntax
resource record formats
dig
nslookup
host

2.207.3 Securing a DNS server

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.

Key knowledge area(s):

BIND 8.x and 9.x configuration files
Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail
DNSSEC configuration files, tools and utilities
Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

SysV init files or rc.local
/etc/named.conf
/etc/passwd
dnskeygen

Topic 208 Web Services

2.208.1 Implementing a web server

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources.

Key knowledge area(s):

Apache 1.x configuration files, terms and utilities
Apache 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
Apache log files configuration and content
Access restriction methods and files
mod_perl and PHP configuration
Client user authentication files and utilities
Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximim servers and clients

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

access.log
.htaccess
httpd.conf
mod_auth
htpasswd
htgroup
apache2ctl
apachectl
httpd

2.208.2 Maintaining a web server

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and customise file access.

Key knowledge area(s):

SSL (OpenSSL) configuration files, tools and utilities
SSL certificate handling
Apache 1.x and 2.x virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)
Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customise file access

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/httpd/*
/etc/apache2/*
/etc/ssl/*
openssl

2.208.3 Implementing a proxy server

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.

Key knowledge area(s):

Squid 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
Access restriction methods
Client user authentication methods
Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

squid.conf
acl
http_access

Topic 210 Network Client Management

2.210.1 DHCP configuration

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.

Key knowledge area(s):

DHCP configuration files, tterms and utilities
Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

dhcpd.conf
dhcpd.leases

2.210.2 NIS configuration

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to configure an NIS server. This objective includes configuring a system as an NIS client.

Key knowledge area(s):

NIS configuration files, terms and utilities
Create NIS maps for major configuration files
Manipulate nsswitch.conf to configure the ability to search local files, DNS, NIS, etc.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ypbind
ypcat
ypmatch
ypserv
yppasswd
yppoll
yppush
ypwhich
rpcinfo
nsswitch.conf
ypserv.conf
contents of /var/yp/*
netgroup
nicknames
securenets
Makefile

2.210.3 LDAP configuration

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to configure an LDAP server. This objective includes working with directory hierarchy, groups, hosts, services and adding other data to the hierarchy. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.

Key knowledge area(s):

LDAP configuration files, tools and utilities
Importing items from LDIF files
Change user passwords

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

slapd
slapd.conf

2.210.4 PAM authentication

Weight: 2

Description: The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods.

Key knowledge area(s):

PAM configuration files, terms and utilities
passwd and shadow passwords
NIS
LADP

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/pam.d
pam.conf

Topic 212 System Security

2.212.2 Configuring a router

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a system to perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.

Key knowledge area(s):

iptables configuration files, tools and utilities
ipchains configuration files, tools and utilities
Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.
Private address ranges
Port redirection and IP forwarding
List and write filtering and rules that accept or block datagrams based on source or destination protocol, port and address
Save and reload filtering configurations
Manipulating the content of /proc/sys/net/ to respond to DoS attacks

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/proc/sys/net/ipv4
/etc/services
ipchains
iptables
routed
quagga

2.212.3 Securing FTP servers

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.

Key knowledge area(s):

Configuration files, tools and utilities for vsftpd, Pure-FTPd, wu-ftpd and ProFTPd
Layout and content of FTP access restriction files
Client user authentication methods
Usage of chroot to secure FTP

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ftpaccess
ftpusers
ftpgroups
/etc/passwd

2.212.4 Secure shell (SSH)

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.

Key knowledge area(s):

SSH (OpenSSH) configuration files, tools and utilities
Differences between SSH versions 1 and 2
Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users
Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password
Usage of XWindow and other application protocols through SSH tunnels
Configuration of ssh-agent
Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ssh
sshd
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
~/.ssh/identity.pub and identity
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
.shosts
.rhosts

2.212.5 TCP_wrappers

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to configure tcpwrappers to allow connections to specified servers only from certain hosts or subnets.

Key knowledge area(s):

tcpwrappers configuration files, tools and utilities
(x)inetd configuration files, tools and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/xinetd.conf
/etc/xinetd.d/*
/etc/inetd.conf
tcpd
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.deny

2.212.6 Security tasks

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a secure authentication system, perform basic security auditing of source code, receive security alerts from various sources, audit servers for open email relays and anonymous FTP servers, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.

Key knowledge area(s):

Basic KERBEROS 5 configuration files, tools and utilities to ensure secure logins to a server
Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server
Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT, CIAC or other sources
Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Tripwire
telnet
nmap
snort
nessus
PortSentry

Topic 214 Network Troubleshooting

2.214.7 Troubleshooting network issues

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.

Key knowledge area(s):

Location and content of access restriction files as /etc/hosts
Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
Utilities to manage routing tables
Utilities to list network states.
Utilities to gain information about the network configuration
Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices
System initialisation files and their contents (SysV init process)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/sbin/ifconfig
/sbin/route
/bin/netstat
/etc/network || /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
System log files such as /var/log/syslog && /var/log/messages
/bin/ping
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/hosts
/etc/hosts.allow && /etc/hosts.deny
/etc/hostname || /etc/HOSTNAME
/sbin/hostname
/usr/sbin/traceroute
/usr/bin/nslookup
/usr/bin/dig
/bin/dmesg
/usr/bin/host

LPI Exam 201 Detailed Objectives

2007-04-12T08:23:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org
參考資料：LPI網站

Exam 201: Detailed Objectives

This is a required exam for LPI certification Level 2. It covers basic system administration skills that are common across all distributions of Linux.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: These are the current 201 objectives, which are valid effective 2006-03-01. The 201 exams, which are delivered through test centres all over the world, will reflect these updated objectives for English in mid 2006 and all other languages by late 2006/early 2007. Candidates should be prepared to take exams based upon these objectives after 2Q2006.

Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights range roughly from 1 to 10 and indicate the relative importance of each objective. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Maintainer: Dimitrios "Taki" Bogiatzoules, Product Developer

Last modification: 2006-02-28

Topic 201: Linux Kernel

2.201.1 Kernel Components

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to utilise kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, identifying stable and development kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.

Key knowledge area(s):

Kernel documentation (2.4 and 2.6)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/usr/src/linux
/usr/src/linux/Documentation
zImage
bzImage

2.201.2 Compiling a kernel

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.

Key knowledge area(s):

/usr/src/linux/
GRUB configuration files
Kernel make options (2.4 and 2.6)
LILO configuration files where applicable

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

mkinitrd
make
make options (config, xconfig, menuconfig, oldconfig, cloneconfig, prepare-all, mrproper zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install)

2.201.3 Patching a kernel

Weight: 2

Description:Candidates should be able to properly patch a kernel to add support for new hardware. This objective also includes being able to properly remove kernel patches from already patched kernels.

Key knowledge area(s):

Kernel Makefiles

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

patch
gzip
bzip2

2.201.4 Customising a kernel

Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be able to customise a kernel for specific system requirements, by patching, compiling and editing configuration files as required. This objective includes being able to assess requirements for a kernel compile as well as build and configure kernel modules.

Key knowledge area(s):

/usr/src/linux/
/proc/sys/kernel/
Module configuration files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

patch
make
module tools
kerneld
kmod

Topic 202: System Startup

2.202.1 Customising system startup and boot processes

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to edit appropriate system startup scripts to customise standard system run levels and boot processes. This objective includes interacting with runlevels.

Key knowledge area(s):

Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

insserv
chkconfig
startproc
checkproc
killproc
startpar
/etc/inittab
/etc/init.d/
/etc/rc.d/
/etc/insserv.conf
/etc/insserv.conf.d/

2.202.2 System recovery

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options.

Key knowledge area(s):

inittab
GRUB
LILO where applicable

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

init
mount
fsck

Topic 203: Filesystem

2.203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types. Also included is manipulating filesystems to adjust for disk space requirements or device additions.

Key knowledge area(s):

The concept of the fstab configuration
Tools and utilities for handling SWAP partitions and files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/fstab
/etc/mtab
/proc/mounts
mount and umount
sync
swapon
swapoff

2.203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems.

Key knowledge area(s):

Tools and utilities to manipulate ext2 and ext3
Tools and utilities to manipulate reiserfs (V3 and V4)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

fsck (fsck.ext2, fsck.reiserfs) 
badblocks 
mkfs (mkfs.ext2, mkfs.reiserfs)
dumpe2fs 
debugfs, debugreiserfs 
tune2fs, reiserfstune

2.203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs.

Key knowledge area(s):

autofs configuration files
UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/auto.master 
/etc/auto.[dir] 
mkisofs 
dd 
mke2fs

Topic 204: Hardware

2.204.1 Configuring RAID

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.

Key knowledge area(s):

Software raid configurtation files and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/raidtab 
mkraid
mdadm.conf
mdadm

2.204.2 Adding new hardware

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure internal and external devices for a system including new hard disks, dumb terminal devices, serial UPS devices, multi-port serial cards, and LCD panels.

Key knowledge area(s):

X.org
XFree86
Module tools
Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsdev, lspci, etc.)
Tools and utilities to manipulate legacy interfaces (RS232, LPT, etc)
Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

modprobe 
lsmod 
lsdev 
lspci 
setserial 
usbview
lsusb

2.204.3 Software and kernel configuration

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes using LVM (Logical Volume Manager) to manage hard disk drives and partitions, as well as software tools to view & modify hard disk settings.

Key knowledge area(s):

Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA
LVM tools and utilities
Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/proc/interrupts 
hdparm 
tune2fs 
sysctl

2.204.4 Configuring PCMCIA devices

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a Linux installation to include support for mobile computer hardware extensions. This objective includes configuring those devices.

Key knowledge area(s):

PCCard and PCMCIA
PCCard and PCMCIA configuration files, tools and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/pcmcia/ 
*.opts 
cardctl 
cardmgr

Topic 209: File and Service Sharing

2.209.1 Configuring a Samba server

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba for login clients and setting up the workgroup in which a server participates and defining shared directories and printers. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server.

Key knowledge area(s):

Samba 2 and 3 documentation
Samba configuration files
Samba tools and utilities
Mounting Samba shares on Linux
Samba daemons
WINS server functionality
Mapping Windows usernames to Linux usernames

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

smbd, nmbd 
smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
smb.conf, lmhosts

2.209.2 Configuring an NFS server

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.

Key knowledge area(s):

NFS configuration files
NFS tools and utilities
Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets
Mount options on server and client
tcpwrappers

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/exports 
exportfs 
showmount 
nfsstat

Topic 211: System Maintenance

2.211.1 System logging

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to configure the logging daemon to act as a central network log server. This objective also includes configuring the logging deamon to send log output to a central log server, logging remote connections, and automating log analysis.

Key knowledge area(s):

syslog configuration files
syslog and syslog-ng
text manipulation tools and utilities such as grep, etc.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

syslog.conf 
/etc/hosts 
sysklogd

2.211.2 Packaging software

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to build a software package. This objective includes building or rebuilding both RPM and DEB packaged software.

Key knowledge area(s):

RPM description, software and commands
DEB description, software and commands
SPEC file format
debian/rules file format

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

rpmbuild
The contents of /var/lib/rpm and /usr/lib/rpm/
/var/cache/debconf/
dpkg-deb
dpkg

2.211.3 Backup operations

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to create an offsite backup storage plan.

Key knowledge area(s):

Backup strategies
Knowlegde about directories that have to be include in backups
Assets and drawbacks of tapes, CDR or other backup media

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/bin/sh
/bin/tar

Topic 213: System Customisation and Automation

2.213.1 Automating tasks using scripts

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to write simple scripts to automate tasks using different common scripting languages. Tasks for automation include checking processes, process execution, parsing logs, synchronising files across machines, monitoring files for changes, generating and sending e-mail alerts and notifying administrators when specified users log in or out.

Key knowledge area(s):

Standard text manipulation software such as awk and sed
BASH
cron configuration files
at daemon usage
Remote copying software such as rsync and scp
Perl: basic commands

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

perl, bash, awk, sed 
crontab 
at

Topic 214: Troubleshooting

2.214.2 Creating recovery disks

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to create bootdisks for system entrance and recovery disks for system repair.

Key knowledge area(s):

Filesystem configuration files
INIT configuration files
Any standard editor
Familiarity with the location and contents of the LDP Bootdisk-HOWTO
Tools to manipulate the MBR
Tools and utilities to copy and mount filesystems
GRUB
LILO
Loop devices
Making CD or USB storage devices bootable

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/fstab
/etc/inittab 
/usr/sbin/rdev 
/bin/cat 
/bin/mount (includes -o loop switch) 
/sbin/lilo 
/bin/dd 
/sbin/mke2fs 
/usr/sbin/chroot

2.214.3 Identifying boot stages

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to determine, from bootup text, the 4 stages of the boot sequence and distinguish between each.

Key knowledge area(s):

boot loader start and hand off to kernel
kernel loading
hardware initialisation and setup
daemon initialisation and setup

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Not applicable.

2.214.4 Troubleshooting bootloaders

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to determine specific stage failures and corrective techniques.

Key knowledge area(s):

LILO
GRUB
Know the different bootloader install locations on a hard disk or removable device
Overwriting standard bootloader options or using bootloader shells

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

The contents of /boot/ and /boot/grub/
/etc/lilo.conf
grub
grub-install
lilo

2.214.5 General troubleshooting

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to recognise and identify boot loader and kernel specific stages and utilise kernel boot messages to diagnose kernel errors. This objective includes being able to identify and correct common hardware issues and be able to determine if the problem is hardware or software.

Key knowledge area(s):

/proc filesystem
Various system and daemon log files
Content of /, /boot, and /lib/modules
Screen output during bootup
Kernel syslog entries in system logs (if entry is able to be gained)
Tools and utilities to analyse information about the used hardware 
Tools and utilities to trace software

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

dmesg
/sbin/lspci
/usr/bin/lsdev
/sbin/lsmod
/sbin/modprobe
/sbin/insmod
/bin/uname
strace
strings
ltrace
lsof

2.214.6 Troubleshooting system resources

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to identify, diagnose and repair local system issues when using software from the command line.

Key knowledge area(s):

Core system variables
The contents of:
/etc/profile && /etc/profile.d/
/etc/init.d/
/etc/rc.*
/etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/bashrc
/etc/ld.so.conf
or other appropriate global shell configuration files
Any standard editor
Standard tools, utilites and commands to manipulate the above files and variables

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/bin/ln 
/bin/rm 
/sbin/ldconfig 
/sbin/sysctl

2.214.8 Troubleshooting environment configurations

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to identify common local system and user environment configuration issues and common repair techniques.

Key knowledge area(s):

Core system variables
init configuration files
init start process
cron configuration files
Login process
User-password storage files
Determine user group associations
SHELL configuration files of bash and csh.
Analysing which processes or daemons are running

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/inittab 
/etc/rc.local
/etc/rc.boot 
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/ 
The default shell configuration file(s) in /etc/
/etc/login.defs 
/etc/syslog.conf
/etc/passwd 
/etc/shadow 
/etc/group 
/sbin/init 
/usr/sbin/cron 
/usr/bin/crontab

LPI Exam 102 Detailed Objectives

2007-04-12T07:28:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org
參考資料：LPI網站

Exam 102: Detailed Objectives

This is a required exam for LPI certification Level 1. It covers basic system administration skills that are common across all distributions of Linux.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: These are the current 101 objectives, which are valid effective 2006-01-01. The 101 exams which are delivered through test centrers all over the world, will reflect these updated objectives for English in early 2006 and all other languages by late 2006/early 2007. Candidates should be prepared to take exams based upon these objectives after 1Q2006.

Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights range roughly from 1 to 10 and indicate the relative importance of each objective. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Maintainer: Dimitrios "Taki" Bogiatzoules, Product Developer

Last modification: 2005-12-31

Topic 105: Kernel

1.105.1 Manage/Query kernel and kernel modules at runtime

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a kernel and kernel loadable modules.

Key knowledge area(s):

Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.
Manually load and unload kernel modules.
Determine when modules can be unloaded.
Determine what parameters a module accepts.
Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
/etc/modules.conf
/etc/modprobe.conf
depmod
insmod
lsmod
rmmod
modinfo
modprobe
uname

1.105.2 Reconfigure, build and install a custom kernel and kernel modules

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to customize, build and install a kernel and kernel loadable modules from source.

Key knowledge area(s):

Customize the current kernel configuration.
Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.
Install a new kernel and any modules.
Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/usr/src/linux/* 
/usr/src/linux/.config 
/lib/modules/kernel-version/* 
/boot/*
make
make targets: all, config, menuconfig, xconfig, gconfig oldconfig, modules, install, modules_install, depmod, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg

Topic 106: Topic 106 Boot, Initialization, Shutdown and Runlevels

1.106.1 Boot the system

Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

Key knowledge area(s):

Give commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
Check boot events in the log files.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/var/log/messages 
/etc/modules.conf
/etc/modprobe.conf
dmesg
LILO
GRUB

1.106.2 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system

Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevel and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default runlevel.

Key knowledge area(s):

Set the default runlevel.
Change between run levels including single user mode.
Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
Alert users before switching runlevels or other major system event.
Properly terminate processes.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/inittab
shutdown
init

Topic 107: Printing

1.107.2 Manage printers and print queues

Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs.

Key knowledge area(s):

Configure and monitor a print server.
Manage user print queues.
Troubleshoot general printing problems.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
/etc/printcap
lpc
lpq
lprm
lp

1.107.3 Print files

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and manipulate print jobs.

Key knowledge area(s):

Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.
Convert text files to postscript for printing.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
a2ps
lpr
lpq

1.107.4 Install and configure local and remote printers

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure local and remote printers.

Key knowledge area(s):

Install a printer daemon.
Install and configure a print filter.
Make local and remote printers accessible for a Linux system, including postscript, non-postscript and Samba printers.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
/etc/printcap
/var/spool/cups/
/var/spool/lpd/*/
lpd

Topic 108: Documentation

1.108.1 Use and manage local system documentation

Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to use and administer the man facility and the material in /usr/share/doc/.

Key knowledge area(s):

Find relevant man pages.
Search man page sections.
Find commands and man pages related to them.
Configure access to man sources and the man system.
Prepare man pages for printouts.
Use the system documentation stored in /usr/share/doc/ and determine what documentation to keep in /usr/share/doc/.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

MANPATH man
apropos
whatis

1.108.2 Find Linux documentation on the Internet

Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to find and use Linux documentation on the internet.

Key knowledge area(s):

This objective includes using Linux documentation at sources such as the Linux Documentation Project (LDP), vendor and third-party websites, newsgroups, newsgroup archives and mailing lists.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Not applicable

1.108.5 Notify users on system-related issues

Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system.

Key knowledge area(s):

Automate communication with users through logon messages.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/issue 
/etc/issue.net 
/etc/motd

Topic 109: Shells, Scripting, Programming and Compiling

1.109.1 Customize and use the shell environment

Weight: 5
Description: Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs.

Key knowledge area(s):

Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Internal BASH functions and commands
~/.bash_profile 
~/.bash_login 
~/.profile 
~/.bashrc 
~/.bash_logout 
~/.inputrc
function
export 
env 
set
lists
seq
unset

1.109.2 Customize or write simple scripts

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new BASH scripts.

Key knowledge area(s):

Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
Use command substitution.
Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

for 
while 
test 
chmod

Topic 111: Administrative Tasks

1.111.1 Manage users and group accounts and related system files

Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

Key knowledge area(s):

Add, modify and remove users and groups.
Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
Correctly manage shadow password/group databases using the appropriate tools.
Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/passwd 
/etc/shadow 
/etc/group 
/etc/gshadow
chage 
gpasswd
groupadd 
groupdel 
groupmod 
passwd 
useradd 
userdel 
usermod

1.111.2 Tune the user environment and system environment variables

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

Key knowledge area(s):

Set environment variables.
Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
Set command search path with the proper directory.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/profile 
/etc/skel 
env 
export 
set 
unset

1.111.3 Configure and use system log files to meet administrative and security needs

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure and manage system logs.

Key knowledge area(s):

Manage the type and level of information logged.
Manually scan log files for notable activity.
Monitor log files.
Automatically rotate and archive log files.
Track down problems noted in log files.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/syslog.conf 
/var/log/*
logrotate 
tail -f

1.111.4 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs to run in the future

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to use cron or anacron to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

Key knowledge area(s):

Manage cron and at jobs.
Configure user access to cron and at services.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/anacrontab 
/etc/at.deny 
/etc/at.allow 
/etc/crontab 
/etc/cron.allow 
/etc/cron.deny 
/var/spool/cron/*
at 
atq 
atrm
crontab

1.111.5 Maintain an effective data backup strategy

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to plan a backup strategy and backup filesystems automatically to various media.

Key knowledge area(s):

Dump a raw device to a file or vice versa.
Perform partial and manual backups.
Verify the integrity of backup files.
Partially or fully restore backups.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

cpio 
dd 
dump 
restore 
tar

1.111.6 Maintain system time

Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

Key knowledge area(s):

Set the system date and time.
Set the BIOS clock to the correct time in UTC.
Configure the correct timezone.
Configure NTP including correcting for clock drift.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/usr/share/zoneinfo 
/etc/timezone 
/etc/localtime 
/etc/ntp.conf 
/etc/ntp.drift 
date 
hwclock 
ntpd
ntpdate

Topic 112: Networking Fundamentals

1.112.1 Fundamentals of TCP/IP

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of network fundamentals.

Key knowledge area(s):

Demonstrate an understanding of IP-addresses including but not limited to:
Network masks, for example: determine the network part and the broadcast address for a host based on its address and subnet mask in "dotted quad" or abbreviated notation or determine the network address, broadcast address and netmask when given an IP-address and number of bits in the address that are used to identify the host.
Demonstrate an understanding of the network classes and classless subnets (CIDR) and the reserved addresses for private network use.
Understand the function and application of a default route.
Understand basic internet protocols (IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP) and the more common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 119, 139, 143, 161).
Basic knowledge about the differences between IPV4 and IPV6.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/services
ftp 
telnet 
host 
ping 
dig
traceroute 
whois

1.112.3 TCP/IP configuration and troubleshooting

Weight: 7

Description: Candidates should be able to view, change and verify configuration settings and operational status for various network interfaces.

Key knowledge area(s):

Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing tables to include adding, starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or reconfiguring network interfaces.
Change, view, or configure the routing table and correct an improperly set default route manually.
Configure a DHCP client.
Basic TCP/IP host configuration.
Debug problems associated with the network configuration.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/HOSTNAME or /etc/hostname 
/etc/hosts 
/etc/networks 
/etc/host.conf 
/etc/resolv.conf 
/etc/nsswitch.conf
ifconfig 
ifup & ifdown
route
dhcpcd
dhclient
pump 
host 
hostname
domainname
dnsdomainname 
netstat 
ping 
traceroute 
tcpdump 
Network scripts run during system initialization.

1.112.4 Configure Linux as a PPP client

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should understand the basics of the PPP protocol and be able to configure and use PPP for outbound connections.

Key knowledge area(s):

Define the chat sequence to connect (given a login example) and the setup commands to be run automatically when a PPP connection is made.
Initialize and terminate a PPP connection, with a modem, ISDN or ADSL with the appropriate scripts.
Set PPP to automatically reconnect if disconnected.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/ppp/options.* 
/etc/ppp/peers/* 
/etc/wvdial.conf 
/etc/ppp/ip-up
/etc/ppp/ip-down
wvdial
ppp

Topic 113: Networking Services

1.113.1 Configure and manage xinetd, inetd and related services

Weight: 4

Description: Configure and manage xinetd, inetd and related services.

Key knowledge area(s):

Configure which services are available through (x)inetd.
Manually start, stop and restart internet services.
Configure basic network services including ssh and ftp.
Set a service to run as another user instead of the default in (x)inetd configuration.
Basic knowledge of tcpwrappers to allow or deny services on a host-by-host basis.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/hosts.allow 
/etc/hosts.deny 
/etc/services 
/etc/xinetd.conf 
/etc/xinetd.d/
/etc/xinetd.log
/etc/inetd.conf

1.113.2 Operate and perform basic configuration of Mail Tranfer Agent (MTA)

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to operate and perform basic configuration of MTA. Advanced custom configurations not included.

Key knowledge area(s):

Modify simple parameters in MTA configuration files.
Create e-mail aliases.
Manage the e-mail queue.
Start and stop MTA.
Configure e-mail forwarding.
Check for and close an open relay on the mailserver.
Perform basic troubleshooting of MTA.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Configuration files, documentation and commands for: postfix, qmail, exim and sendmail 
/etc/mail/* 
~/.forward 
sendmail emulation layer commands
newaliases

1.113.3 Operate and perform basic configuration of Apache

Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to operate and perform basic configuration of Apache. Advanced custom configurations not included.

Key knowledge area(s):

Modify simple parameters in Apache configuration files.
Start and stop httpd and restart after modification to configuration.
Arrange for automatic starting of httpd upon boot.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/apache2/
httpd.conf
apache2ctl
apachectl 
httpd

1.113.4 Properly manage the NFS and SAMBA daemons

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should know how to manage the NFS, smb and nmb daemons.

Key knowledge area(s):

Mount remote filesystems using NFS.
Configure NFS for exporting local filesystems.
Start, stop and restart the NFS server.
Install and configure Samba using the included GUI tools (swat) or direct edit of the /etc/smb.conf file (Note: this deliberately excludes advanced NT domain issues but includes simple sharing of home directories and printers, as well as correctly setting the nmbd as a WINS client).

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/exports 
/etc/fstab 
/etc/smb.conf 
mount 
umount

1.113.5 Setup and configure basic DNS services

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to configure basic DNS services.

Key knowledge area(s):

Configure hostname lookups and troubleshoot problems with local caching-only name server.
Demonstrate an understanding of the domain registration and DNS translation process.
Understanding configuration files for BIND8 and BIND9.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/hosts 
/etc/resolv.conf 
/etc/nsswitch.conf 
/etc/named.conf 
named

1.113.7 Set up secure shell (OpenSSH)

Weight: 4

Description: The candidate should be able to obtain and configure OpenSSH.

Key knowledge area(s):

Perform basic OpenSSH installation and troubleshooting.
Configure sshd to start at system boot.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/hosts.allow 
/etc/hosts.deny 
/etc/nologin 
/etc/ssh/sshd_config 
/etc/ssh_known_hosts 
/etc/sshrc 
sshd 
ssh-keygen

Topic 114: Security

1.114.1 Perform security administration tasks

Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

Key knowledge area(s):

Configure tcpwrappers.
Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
Verify packages.
Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
Update binaries as recommended by CERT, BUGTRAQ and/or distribution's security alerts.
Demonstrate basic knowledge of iptables.
Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/proc/net/ip_*
find 
iptables
passwd 
socket 
nmap
netstat

1.114.2 Setup host security

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

Key knowledge area(s):

Configure syslog with an eye to security.
Set up and manage shadow passwords.
Set up a e-mail alias for root's e-mail.
Turn off network services not in use.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/xinetd.d/*
/etc/xinetd.conf
/etc/inet.d/*
/etc/inetd.conf
/etc/nologin 
/etc/passwd 
/etc/shadow
/etc/syslog.conf

1.114.3 Setup user level security

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to configure user level security. Tasks include limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.

Key knowledge area(s):

Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

quota 
usermod
ulimit

LPI Exam 101 Detailed Objectives

2007-04-10T11:11:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org
參考資料：LPI網站

Exam 101: Detailed Objectives

This is a required exam for LPI certification Level 1. It covers basic system administration skills that are common across all distributions of Linux.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: These are the current 101 objectives, which are valid effective 2006-01-01. The 101 exams which are delivered through test centrers all over the world, will reflect these updated objectives for English in early 2006 and all other languages by late 2006/early 2007. Candidates should be prepared to take exams based upon these objectives after 1Q2006.

Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights range roughly from 1 to 10 and indicate the relative importance of each objective. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Maintainer: Dimitrios "Taki" Bogiatzoules, Product Developer

Last modification: 2005-12-31

Topic 101: Hardware & Architecture

1.101.1 Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings

Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be able to configure fundamental system hardware by making the correct settings in the system BIOS in x86 based hardware.

Key knowledge area(s):

Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards.
Correctly set IRQ, DMA and I/O addresses for all BIOS administrated ports and settings for error handling.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/proc/ioports
/proc/interrupts
/proc/dma
/proc/pci

1.101.3 Configure Modem and Sound cards

Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be able to configure modem and soundcard settings.

Key knowledge area(s):

Ensure devices meet compatibility requirements (particularly that the modem is not an unsupported win-modem).
Verify that correct resources are used by the cards.
Configure modem for outbound dial-up.
Set serial port speeds.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/proc/dma
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
/proc/pci
lspci
lsusb

1.101.4 Setup non-IDE Devices

Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be able to configure non-IDE devices as SCSI, SATA, USB drives using the special BIOS as well as the necessary Linux tools.

Key knowledge area(s):

Differentiate between the various types of non-IDE devices.
Manipulate BIOS to detect used and available SCSI IDs.
Set the correct hardware ID for different devices, especially the boot device.
Configure BIOS settings to control the boot sequence when both non-IDE and IDE devices are present .

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

SCSI ID
/proc/scsi/
scsi_info

1.101.5 Setup different PC expansion cards

Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to configure various cards for the various expansion slots.

Key knowledge area(s):

Know the differences between coldplug and hotplug devices.
Determine hardware recources for devices.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

The appropriate subdirectories of /proc
hotplug configuration files, terms and utilities
lspci
lsusb

1.101.6 Configure Communication Devices

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure different internal and external communication devices like modems, ISDN adapters and DSL modems.

Key knowledge area(s):

Verification of compatibility requirements (such as the modem is not a winmodem).
Correctly set IRQs, DMAs and I/O Ports of the cards to avoid conflicts between devices.
Load and configure suitable device drivers.
Set serial port speed.
Setup modem for outbound PPP connections.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/proc/dma
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
setserial

1.101.7 Configure USB devices

Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be able to activate USB support, use and configure different USB devices.

Key knowledge area(s):

Identify and load the correct USB driver module.
Demonstrate knowledge of the USB layer architecture and the modules used in the different layers.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

lspci
xHCI modules
lsusb
/etc/usbmgr/
usbmodules
/etc/hotplug
udev configuration files, utilities and documentation

Topic 102: Linux Installation & Package Management
1.102.1 Design hard disk layout

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

Key knowledge area(s):

Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the BIOS requirements for booting.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/ (root) filesystem
/var filesystem
/home filesystem
swap space
mount points
partitions

1.102.2 Install a boot manager

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

Key knowledge area(s):

Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options (for example, using a boot floppy or a bootable CDROM).
Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB or LILO.
Interact with the boot loader.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/boot/grub/grub.conf
/boot/grub/menu.lst
grub-install
MBR
superblock
first stage boot loader
/etc/lilo.conf
lilo

1.102.3 Make and install programs from source

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources. Candidates should be able to make simple customizations to the Makefile, for example changing paths or adding extra include directories, either in the raw Makefile or using the configure tools.

Key knowledge area(s):

Unpack a file of sources using typical compression utilities.
Make simple customizations to Makefile such as changing paths or adding extra include directories.
Apply parameters to a configure script.
Know where sourses are stored by default.
Compile a RPM oder DPKG software package using sources.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

RPM and DPKG commands
/usr/src/
gunzip
gzip
bzip2 
tar 
configure 
make

1.102.4 Manage shared libraries

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

Key knowledge area(s):

Identify shared libraries.
Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
Load shared libraries.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ldd
ldconfig
/etc/ld.so.conf 
LD_LIBRARY_PATH

1.102.5 Use Debian package management

Weight: 8

Description: Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

Key knowledge area(s):

Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

unpack
configure
/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg
/var/lib/dpkg/*
/etc/apt/apt.conf
/etc/apt/sources.list
dpkg
dselect
dpkg-reconfigure
apt-get
alien

1.102.6 Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)

Weight: 8

Description: Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM based tools.

Key knowledge area(s):

Install, re-install, upgrade and remove RPM packages.
Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/rpmrc
/usr/lib/rpm/*
rpm
grep

Topic: 103 GNU & Unix Commands
1.103.1 Work on the command line

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the bash shell.

Key knowledge area(s):

Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
Use and edit command history.
Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.
Use commands recursively through a directory tree.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

. 
bash
echo
env
exec
export
pwd
set
unset
~/.bash_history
~/.profile

1.103.2 Process text streams using filters

Weight: 6

Description: Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

Key knowledge area(s):

Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

cat
cut
expand
fmt
head
hexdump
join
nl
paste
pr
sed
sort
split
tac
tail
tr
unexpand
uniq
wc

1.103.3 Perform basic file management

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

Key knowledge area(s):

Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
Remove files and directories recursively.
Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

cp
find 
mkdir 
mv 
ls 
rm 
rmdir 
touch 
file globbing

1.103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

Key knowledge area(s):

Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
Send output to both stdout and a file.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

tee 
xargs 
< 
<< 
> 
>> 
| 
` ` (back ticks)

1.103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

Key knowledge area(s):

Run jobs in the foreground and background.
Start a process that will run without being associated to a terminal.
Signal a program to continue running after logout.
Monitor active processes.
Select and sort processes for display.
Send signals to processes.
Kill processes including processes that did not terminate correctly after an X session has closed

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

& 
bg 
fg 
jobs 
kill 
nohup 
ps 
top
killall

1.103.6 Modify process execution priorities

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

Key knowledge area(s):

Know the default priority of a job that is created.
Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default..
Change the priority of a running process.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

nice 
ps 
renice 
top

1.103.7 Search text files using regular expressions

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

Key knowledge area(s):

Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

grep
sed

1.103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, basic vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text.

Key knowledge area(s):

Navigate a document using vi.
Use basic vi modes (Command, Insert, Replace).
Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

vi
/, ?
h,j,k,l
G, H, L
i, c, d, dd, p, o, a
ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!
:!

Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
1.104.1 Create partitions and filesystems

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

Key knowledge area(s):

Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems, including ext2, ext3, reiserfs, vfat and xfs.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

fdisk
mkfs
mkswap

1.104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

Key knowledge area(s):

Verify the integrity of filesystems.
Monitor free space and inodes.
Repair simple filesystem problems.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

du
df
fsck
e2fsck
mke2fs
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs

1.104.3 Control mounting and unmounting filesystems

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

Key knowledge area(s):

Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
Configure user mountable removeable filesystems such as tape drives, floppies and CDROMs.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/fstab
mount
umount

1.104.4 Managing disk quota

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users.

Key knowledge area(s):

Set up a disk quota for a filesystem.
Edit, check and generate user quota reports.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

quota
edquota
repquota
quotaon

1.104.5 Use file permissions to control access to files

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions.

Key knowledge area(s):

Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
Use the group field to grant file access to workgroups.
Basic knowledge of ACL.
Know how to change the default file creation mode of the shell.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

chmod
umask
chattr (where applicable)

1.104.6 Manage file ownership

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to control user and group ownership of files. This objective includes the ability to change the user and group owner of a file as well as the default group owner for new files.

Key knowledge area(s):

Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
Use the group field to grant file access to workgroups.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

chmod
chown
chgrp

1.104.7 Create and change hard and symbolic links

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

Key knowledge area(s):

Create links.
Identify hard and/or softlinks.
Copying versus linking files.
Use links to support system administration tasks.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ln

1.104.8 Find system files and place files in the correct location

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be thouroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

Key knowledge area(s):

Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
Find files and commands on a Linux system.
Know the location and propose of impotant file and directories as defind in the FHS.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

find
locate
slocate
updatedb
whereis
which
/etc/updatedb.conf

Topic 110: The X Window System
1.110.1 Install & Configure X11

Weight: 5
Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure X and an X font server.

Key knowledge area(s):

Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server.
Customize and tune X for the videocard and monitor.
Install and configure an X font server.
Install fonts.
Manually edit the X Window configuration file.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

xorgcfg
xorgconfig
/etc/X11/xorg.conf XF86Setup
xf86config
xvidtune 
/etc/X11/XF86Config
.Xresources

1.110.2 Setup a display manager

Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able setup and customize a display manager. This objective covers the display managers XDM (X Display Manger), GDM (Gnome Display Manager) and KDM (KDE Display Manager).

Key knowledge area(s):

Turn the display manager on or off.
Change the display manager greeting.
Change default color depth for the display manager.
Configure display managers for use by X-stations.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/inittab 
/etc/X11/xdm/* 
/etc/X11/kdm/* 
/etc/X11/gdm/*

1.110.4 Install & Customize a Window Manager Environment

Weight: 5
Description: Candidates should be able to customize a system-wide desktop environment and/or window manager.

Key knowledge area(s):

Demonstrate an understanding of customization procedures for window manager menus and/or desktop panel menus.
Select and configuring the desired x-terminal (xterm, rxvt, aterm etc.).
Verify and resolve library dependency issues for X applications.
Export the X-display to a client workstation.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

.xinitrc 
.Xdefaults 
xhost
DISPLAY environment variable

LPI Level 3 考試介紹

2007-04-09T12:13:00.001+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯

Senior Level Linux Professional (LPIC-3 “Core” and LPI Specialty)

Status: “Core” and LPI 302 (Mixed Environment) Specialty available January 2007

Pre-Requisites: you must have an active LPIC-2 certification to receive LPIC-3 certification, but the LPIC-2 and LPIC-3 exams may be taken in any order

Requirements: Core--passing the 301 exam. Specialty--passing the 301 exam and any one of the LPI 302 - 306 exams to receive the respective specialty certification

Overview of Tasks: to pass LPIC-3 “Core” someone should:

Have several years experience with installing and maintaining Linux on a number of computers for various purposes
Have integration experience with diverse technologies and operating systems
Have professional experience as, or training for, an enterprise level Linux professional. (Including having experience as a part of another role)
Know advanced and enterprise levels of Linux administration including installation, management, security, troubleshooting and maintenance
Be able to use open source tools to measure capacity planning and troubleshoot resource problems
Have professional experience using LDAP to integrate with Unix services and Windows services, including Samba, PAM, email, Active Directory
Be able to plan, architecture, design, build and implement a full environment using Samba and LDAP as well as measure the capacity planning and security of the services
Be able create scripts in Bash or Perl or has knowledge of at least one system programming language (such as C)

Overview of Tasks: to pass LPI 302 (Mixed Environment) Specialty someone should:

Have necessary skills and experience as outlined in LPIC-3 “Core” exam
Have professional experience using Samba to integrate file and print services with Windows, including user management, domain control, security and performance tuning
Be able to plan, architecture, design, build and implement a complete multiuser environment using Samba

LPI 高級認證(LPIC Level 3) (核心科目加上LPI專科)

目前狀態：核心科目 LPI 301 與專科 LPI 302(整合環境)已於2007.01提供考試

專科方面另有303(安全) 304(高可用度與虛擬化) 
305(網站與內部網路) 306(郵件與訊息平台) 還沒推出~

考試限制：必須擁有有效的LPIC Level 2認證文件，才會收到LPIC-3證照，但LPIC-2與LPIC-3的考試順序不要求。

意思大概是這樣：
可以先考LPIC-3的科目，但不會發給你LPIC-3證照(因為沒LPIC-2的證照)
等到你通過LPIC-2考試時才會發給你LPIC-3的證照(一次拿到兩個等級？)

很搞笑的人大概可以反向考試LPIC-3先考，再考LPIC-2，最後考LPIC-1
這樣考完LPIC-1後就可以一次收到三張證照了:P
我想大概沒有人會這麼做吧！

考試費用：301(核心科目) 210 USD ; 302(專科：整合環境) 150 USD 共約11800 NTD

費用方面301有兩種價錢 在VUE是210 USD 在Prometric則是250 USD

認證要求：通過LPI 301 核心科目並加選一門專業科目302 303 304 305 306。

任務概灠：要通過核心科目301考試的人大致需俱備下列能力：

對於不同目的與不同主機的Linux安裝和管理已有多年經驗。
對於不同技術與不同作業系統的操作有綜合的經驗。
具有身為企業級Linux專業人員或者培訓企業級Linux專業人員的經驗。
(包括具有作為另一角色的經驗)
明瞭Linux的專業進階管理，包含：Linux的安裝、管理、安全、故障排除與維護。
能使用開放原始碼工具來做系統規劃的可能並排除資源問題。
對於使用LDAP以整合Linux與Windows服務，包含Samba, PAM, email, Active Directory...等有專業的經驗。
能夠計劃、架構、設計、建立與執行一個使用LDAP與Samba的完全環境以及系統規劃與服務安全。
能夠建立Bash scripts 、perl scripts或者熟悉一種系統程式語言(如C語言)。

任務概灠：要通過專業科目302(整合環境)考試的人大致需俱備下列能力：

對於核心科目301所概述的能力有相當的技術與經驗 。
對於使用Samba整合Windows的檔案與列印服務有專業經驗，包含：使用者管理、網域控制、安全與系統調校。
能夠計劃、架構、設計、建立與執行一個使用Samba的多使用者並完全的環境。

LPI Level 2 考試介紹

2007-04-05T15:49:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯

Advanced Level Linux Professional (LPIC-2)

Status: Available now; first published November 29, 2001; latest revision November 11, 2006

Pre-Requisites: You must have an active LPIC-1 certification to receive LPIC-2 certification, but the LPIC-1 and LPIC-2 exams may be taken in any order.

Requirements: Passing Exams 201 and 202

Overview of Tasks: To pass Level 2 someone should be able to:

Administer a small to medium-sized site
Plan, implement, maintain, keep consistent, secure, and troubleshoot a small mixed (MS, Linux) network, including a:
LAN server (samba)
Internet Gateway (firewall, proxy, mail, news)
Internet Server (webserver, FTP server)
Supervise assistants
Advise management on automation and purchases

LPI 進階認證(LPIC Level 2)

目前狀態：可考試。初次推出於2001.11.29，最近修訂於2006.11.11。

考試限制：必須擁有有效的LPIC Level 1認證文件，但LPIC-1與LPIC-2的考試順序不要求。

意思大概是這樣：
可以先考LPIC-2的科目，但不會發給你LPIC-2證照(因為沒LPIC-1的證照)
等到你通過LPIC-1考試時才會發給你LPIC-2的證照(一次拿到兩個等級？)
我想大概很少人會這麼做吧！

考試費用：每科目 150 USD 約 4950 NTD (共需考二科)

認證要求：通過LPI 201 與LPI 202考試。

任務概灠：要通過此級考試的人大致需俱備下列能力：

管理中小型網站。
計劃、協調、維護、維持一致、安全與解決一個混雜網路環境(如MS、Linux...)問題，包含：
區域網路伺服器(如：samba)
網際網路閘道(如：防火牆、快取伺服器、郵件伺服器、新聞...)
網際網路伺服器(如：網頁伺服器、檔案傳輸伺服器...)
指揮助理
在自動化與採購上建議經營者

LPI Level 1 考試介紹

2007-04-05T14:19:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.lpi.org、google translation
參考資料：LPI網站、Google翻譯

The LPIC Program

The Linux Professional Institute Certification (LPIC) program is designed to certify the competency of IT professionals using the Linux operating system and its associated tools. It is designed to be distribution neutral, following the Linux Standard Base and other relevant standards and conventions.

The LPIC program is designed in multiple levels. determining which tasks were suitable to each level was done using a "Job Task Analysis" (JTA) survey. As with all of the LPIC exam development processes, the JTA was developed and executed using recognized psychometric processes, to ensure its relevance and high quality.

Junior Level Linux Professional (LPIC-1)

Status: Available now. First published January 11, 2000; latest revision published August 2006the first IT certification program to be professionally accredited by National Commission For Certifying Agencies ( NCCA )
Pre-Requisites: None
Requirements: Passing Exams 101 and 102
Overview of Tasks: To pass Level 1 someone should be able to:

Work at the Linux command line
Perform easy maintenance tasks: help out users, add users to a larger system, backup & restore, shutdown & reboot
Install and configure a workstation (including X) and connect it to a LAN, or a stand-alone PC via modem to the Internet.

Linux專業認證協會所提出的LPIC認證計畫目的在於確保通過此認證的IT工作者能勝任Linux作業系統的操作及其相關工具的運用。LPIC認證中立於各發行版本，並且依循Linux基礎標準、其它相關標準與公共約定。

LPIC的考試分成多個層級(目前分三級)，這種決定各層級認證者所能勝任工作依據來自"職業任務分析"(JTA)。如同所有LPIC考試的發展過程一樣，職業任務分析(JTA)也透過認知心理測驗的方法來確保其品質與關聯性。

LPI 初級認證(LPIC Level 1)

目前狀態：可考試。初次推出於2000.01.11，最近修訂於2006.08。

LPIC Level 1是美國國家認證委員會第一個認可的IT專業認證。

考試限制：無。

考試費用：每科目 150 USD 約 4950 NTD (共需考二科)

認證要求：通過LPI 101 與LPI 102考試。

任務概灠：要通過此級考試的人大致需俱備下列能力：

在Linux的命令列下工作
執行簡單的維護任務如：幫助使用者、增加使用者到一個大型系統、備份與回復、關機與重開機。
工作站的安裝與設定(包含X視窗)、連上區域網路、藉由moden連上網際網路。

Linux的發音 by Torvalds

2007-04-05T09:21:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.paul.sladen.org、zh.wikipedia.org
參考資料：http://www.paul.sladen.org/pronunciation/
Wiki百科

由Linus Torvalds所說的一段話 mp3 wav au
內容是：

Hello, this is Linus Torvalds, and I pronounce Linux as Linux

音標是 [’li:nэks]
聽起來很像是"哩呢克斯"

另外在youtube上也有一段關於Linux發音的影片
也是由Linus Torvalds本人所發音的
因為影片會影響blog的讀取速度，所以有興趣的人請到下列網址，可以線上觀賞

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IfHm6R5le0

如果你有flv player也可以直接下載我已經下載的檔案

http://daemonmoon.googlepages.com/torvolds_linux.flv

這是他本人的照片~

他的網頁則在http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/torvalds/
相當簡潔:P

114 安全主要內容

2007-03-29T17:41:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 114 Security

1.114.1 (4) Perform security administration tasks
1.114.2 (3) Setup host security
1.114.3 (1) Setup user level security

中譯版
Topic 114 安全

1.114.1 (4) 執行安全管理工作
1.114.2 (3) 主機安全相關設定
1.114.3 (1) 使用者層級的安全設定

113 網路服務主要內容

2007-03-29T17:31:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 113 Networking Services

1.113.1 (4) Configure and manage inetd, xinetd, and related services
1.113.2 (4) Operate and perform basic configuration of Mail Tranfer Agent (MTA)
1.113.3 (4) Operate and perform basic configuration of Apache
1.113.4 (4) Properly manage the NFS and SAMBA daemons
1.113.5 (4) Setup and configure basic DNS services
1.113.7 (4) Set up secure shell (OpenSSH)

中譯版
Topic 113 網路服務

1.113.1 (4) inited、xinted及其相關服務的設定與管理
1.113.2 (4) 郵件傳送伺服器的操作與基本設定
1.113.3 (4) Apache的操作與基本設定
1.113.4 (4) 妥善管理NFS與Samba
1.113.5 (4) DNS服務的安裝與基本設定
1.113.7 (4) OpenSSH的安裝與設定

112 網路原理主要內容

2007-03-29T17:22:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 112 Networking Fundamentals

1.112.1 (4) Fundamentals of TCP/IP
1.112.3 (7) TCP/IP configuration and troubleshooting
1.112.4 (3) Configure Linux as a PPP client

中譯版
Topic 112 網路原理

1.112.1 (4) TCP/IP原理
1.112.3 (7) TCP/IP 的設定與問題解決
1.112.4 (3) 設定PPP用戶端連線

111 管理者的工作主要內容

2007-03-29T17:07:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 111 Administrative Tasks

1.111.1 (4) Manage users and group accounts and related system files
1.111.2 (3) Tune the user environment and system environment variables
1.111.3 (3) Configure and use system log files to meet administrative and security needs
1.111.4 (4) Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs to run in the future
1.111.5 (3) Maintain an effective data backup strategy
1.111.6 (4) Maintain system time

中譯版
Topic 111 管理者的工作

1.111.1 (4) 管理使用者、群組及其相關檔案
1.111.2 (3) 調整使用者與系統的環境變數
1.111.3 (3) 設定與使用系統紀錄檔以符合管理及安全需求
1.111.4 (4) 藉由未來行程工作的排定使系統管理自動化
1.111.5 (3) 有效的備份策略
1.111.6 (4) 維護系統時間

110 X視窗系統主要內容

2007-03-29T16:56:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 110 The X Window System

1.110.1 (5) Install & Configure XFree86
1.110.2 (3) Setup a display manager
1.110.4 (5) Install & Customize a Window Manager Environment

中譯版
Topic 110 X視窗系統

1.110.1 (5) 安裝與設定XFree86
1.110.2 (3) 設定顯示管理程式
1.110.4 (5) 認識、安裝與調整視窗理管程式

109 Shell、腳本、程式設計與編譯主要內容

2007-03-29T16:50:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 109 Shells, Scripting, Programming and Compiling

1.109.1 (5) Customize and use the shell environment
1.109.2 (3) Customize or write simple scripts

中譯版
Topic 109 Shell、腳本、程式設計與編譯

1.109.1 (5) Shell 環境的調整與使用
1.109.2 (3) 修改或設計簡單的腳本

108 文件主要內容

2007-03-29T16:33:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 108 Documentation

1.108.1 (4) Use and manage local system documentation
1.108.2 (3) Find Linux documentation on the Internet
1.108.5 (1) Notify users on system-related issues

中譯版
Topic 108 文件

1.108.1 (4) 本機系統文件的使用與管理
1.108.2 (3) 尋找網路上的Linux文件(LDP與新聞群組)
1.108.5 (1) 使用系統通告

107 列印主要內容

2007-03-29T16:28:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 107 Printing

1.107.2 (1) Manage printers and print queues
1.107.3 (1) Print files
1.107.4 (1) Install and configure local and remote printers

中譯版
Topic 107 列印

1.107.2 (1) 印表機與列印佇列(行程)的管理
1.107.3 (1) 列印檔案
1.107.4 (1) 本機與遠端印表機的安裝和設定

106 開關機、初始化與運作層級主要內容

2007-03-29T16:23:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 106 Boot, Initialization, Shutdown and Runlevels

1.106.1 (3) Boot the system
1.106.2 (3) Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system

中譯版
Topic 106 開關機、初始化與運作層級

1.106.1 (3) 啟動系統
1.106.2 (3) 改變運作層級、關機與重開機

105 核心主要內容

2007-03-29T16:11:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 105 Kernel

1.105.1 (4) Manage/Query kernel and kernel modules at runtime
1.105.2 (3) Reconfigure, build, and install a custom kernel and kernel modules

中譯版
Topic 105核心

1.105.1 (4) 在核心運行時管理或查詢核心與核心模組
1.105.2 (3) 核心與核心模組的重新設定、建立與安裝

104 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS標準主要內容

2007-03-29T15:53:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

1.104.1 (3) Create partitions and filesystems 
1.104.2 (3) Maintain the integrity of filesystems
1.104.3 (3) Control mounting and unmounting filesystems
1.104.4 (3) Managing disk quota
1.104.5 (5) Use file permissions to control access to files
1.104.6 (1) Manage file ownership
1.104.7 (1) Create and change hard and symbolic links
1.104.8 (5) Find system files and place files in the correct location

中譯版
Topic 104 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS標準

1.104.1 (3) 建立分割區及檔案系統
1.104.2 (3) 維護檔案系統的完整
1.104.3 (3) 裝置的掛載與御載控制
1.104.4 (3) 磁碟配額的管理
1.104.5 (5) 使用權限來控制檔案的存取
1.104.6 (1) 管理檔案的擁有權
1.104.7 (1) 建立與更改硬、軟式連結檔
1.104.8 (5) 尋找系統檔案與了解各類檔案的正確位置

103 GNU與Unix命令主要內容

2007-03-29T15:41:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 103 GNU & Unix Commands

1.103.1 (5) Work on the command line
1.103.2 (6) Process text streams using filters
1.103.3 (3) Perform basic file management
1.103.4 (5) Use streams, pipes, and redirects
1.103.5 (5) Create, monitor, and kill processes
1.103.6 (3) Modify process execution priorities
1.103.7 (3) Search text files using regular expressions
1.103.8 (1) Perform basic file editing operations using vi

中譯版
Topic 103 GNU與Unix命令

1.103.1 (5) 使用命令列環境
1.103.2 (6) 使用過濾器來處理文字檔案與串流
1.103.3 (3) 檔案管理的基本技巧
1.103.4 (5) 使用串流、管線命令和重導命令
1.103.5 (5) 程序的建立、監控與刪除
1.103.6 (3) 調整程序的優先權
1.103.7 (3) 使用正規表示法來搜尋文字檔
1.103.8 (1) 使用vi來對檔案做基本的編輯

102 Linux安裝與套件管理主要內容

2007-03-29T15:26:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 102 Linux Installation & Package Management

1.102.1 (5) Design hard disk layout
1.102.2 (1) Install a boot manager
1.102.3 (5) Make and install programs from source
1.102.4 (3) Manage shared libraries
1.102.5 (8) Use Debian package management
1.102.6 (8) Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)

中譯版
Topic 102 Linux安裝與套件管理

1.102.1 (5) 磁碟設計與規劃
1.102.2 (1) 安裝開機管理程式
1.102.3 (5) 原始碼程式的編譯與安裝
1.102.4 (3) 共享函式庫的管理
1.102.5 (8) Debian套件管理
1.102.6 (8) Red Hat套件管理

101 硬體與架構主要內容

2007-03-29T14:30:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.lpi.org、O'REILLY LPI Linux In A Nutshell 2ed ver:zh_TW
參考資料：LPI網站、O'REILLY的LPI Linux In A Nutshell 中文二版

Topic 101: Hardware & Architecture

1.101.1 (1) Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings
1.101.3 (1) Configure Modem and Sound cards
1.101.4 (1) Setup non-IDE Devices
1.101.5 (3) Setup different PC expansion cards
1.101.6 (1) Configure Communication Devices
1.101.7 (1) Configure USB devices

中譯版
Topic 101: 硬體與架構

1.101.1 (1) BIOS的基本設定與校調
1.101.3 (1) 設定數據機和音效卡
1.101.4 (1) SCSI設備安裝設定
1.101.5 (3) 電腦擴充卡的安裝與設定
1.101.6 (1) 通訊介面設備的設定
1.101.7 (1) USB介面設備的設定

LPI 考試報考流程，以VUE為例！

2007-03-28T15:05:00.000+08:00

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Reference：Mr. bono's article from phorum.vbird.org

以下文章參考自bono老師發表於VBird網站的
準備考 LPI Level 1 的朋友請先看看這一篇吧 !

一、報考所需的資料：

1.正式的英文全名(與護照上相同)(可參考教育部拼音查詢系統)
2.英文地址(寄證照用)(可參考台灣郵政中文住址英譯系統)
3.E-Mail帳號(最好收信狀況良好的)
4.信用卡資料
5.你所要考的科目
6.取得LPI ID (LPI網站申請)
7.申請VUE網站帳號

二、註冊LPI帳號取得LPI ID
1.連上LPI網站(www.lpi.org)的中文註冊頁https://www1.lpi.org/zh_tw/register.html

注意：雖然是中文註冊頁，但所填的資料全都都要用英文！

2.填入資料後按新增

2.登入LPI網站(http://www.lpi.org/en/lpi/english/candidate_area)查詢自己的LPI ID
登入後按Candidate Overview (LPI候選人資料哈)

三、到VUE網站申請考試帳號
1.連上http://www.vue.com並點選Creat an Accont註冊

2.選擇考試種類Information Technology(資訊科技)的Linux Professional Institute Testing。選完後按continue繼續

3.填寫資料與你的LPI ID，填完後按continue繼續。

有*號的欄位一定要填寫，所有資料一律用英文填寫。
Last Name就是姓，First Name就是名。

4.填寫聯絡資料，填完後按continue繼續。

住址那三欄共填一個住址，如果第一欄填不下才填到二、三欄去。
原則上填左半部就可以了，如果你想填第二個備用才填右半部份。

5.填寫你要在VUE網站用的帳號，填完後按continue繼續。

6.如果要馬上安排考試，就點下去吧！

7.完成後系統會寄給你一個密碼，我們可以改成自己比較好記的密碼。
按下Change Sign In 在左半部填入舊的和新的密碼後，按change password即可。

右半部則允許你變更登入帳號。

8.要安排考試就按Schedule Exams然後選考試(Linux Professional Institute Testing)，按continue繼續。

9.選擇要考的科目與考試語言，選完按continue繼續。

目前LPI提供七個考試科目除301之外，費用都是$US 150 約NT 4950。
117-101    LPI Level 1 Exam 101  $US 150.00 
117-102    LPI Level 1 Exam 102  $US 150.00 
117-199    Ubuntu Level 1 Exam   $US 150.00 
117-201    LPI Level 2 Exam 201  $US 150.00 
117-202    LPI Level 2 Exam 202  $US 150.00 
117-301    LPI Level 3 Exam 301  $US 210.00 
117-302    LPI Level 3 Exam 302  $US 150.00

語言選擇方面，101額外提供簡體中文，其它大致只提供英文跟日文。

10.尋找並選擇考試地點(可以選四個)，如果要更多資訊可點選那個驚嘆號，選完按continue繼續。

大致就這幾間比較多選擇地點。
北訓電腦 BSNET Computer Training Center
巨匠電腦 Great Master IT Training Center 
學承電腦 Hsueh Cheng Educational Organization 
聯成電腦 Lien Cheng Computer Center

11.選定考場與可提供考試的時間，選時間後按slect appointment。確定一下上面考試資訊後，再按continue繼續。

查詢時可以直接點選日期、按週別查(點箭號)與按星期查(點星期)。

12.是否有考試卷或優惠卷可折抵金額，選完按continue繼續。

考試卷每場考試只能用一張，優惠卷則不限。
輸入完按apply，則上方的金額會變更。

13.輸入信用卡相關資料與帳單寄送地，填完後按continue繼續。

如果你就是信卡持有人，則把那個checkbox方框選起就行了。
如果有別人幫你刷卡，就要填他申請信用卡時的地址資料。

14.確定所有資料，沒問題的話就把confirm order點下去，反悔的話就cancel吧！

15.心情放輕鬆，等待考試日期的來臨吧！

安裝Linux的最小記憶體建議

2007-03-23T10:19:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.cert21.com
原始資料：www.cert21.com

Following are rough guidelines for DRAM.

4MB: Bare minimum for Linux kernel to function. 
16MB: Minimum for reasonable console system. 
32MB: Minimum for simple X system. 
64MB: Minimum for X system with GNOME/KDE. 
128MB: Comfortable for X system with GNOME/KDE.

Unix-like的shell下特殊組合鍵的功能

2007-03-23T10:17:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.cert21.com
原始資料：www.cert21.com

In Unix-like environment, there are few key strokes which have special meanings

Ctrl-U: 清除一行中游標之前的文字。
Ctrl-H: 移除游標前的一個字元。
Ctrl-D: 結束輸入。(如果您在 shell 下，就會跳出該 shell)
Ctrl-C: 終止正在執行的程式。 
Ctrl-Z: 暫時停止程式。 (將該工作放到背景)
Ctrl-S: 停止輸出到畫面上。(類似 Scorll Lock) 
Ctrl-Q: 回復輸出到畫面上。

The LPIC-2 Exam Prep

2007-03-22T08:54:00.000+08:00

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Reference：snow.nl/dist/xhtmlc
原始資料：snow.nl/dist/xhtmlc

名稱：The LPIC-2 Exam Prep
範圍：LPI 201 202
網址：http://snow.nl/dist/xhtmlc/index.html
說明：
相當完整的教學網站，提供LPI 201 202範圍的學習導灠，內容也是依LPI所公布的主題一一說明講解。據說命中率相當高(因為是針對各主題一一攻擊的當然命中率高)，有心向LPIC 2的人大概都會知道這個網站吧。

後記：因為是英文頁所以要有點功力，或者藉助字典、翻譯工具(如：IE的GoogleBar FireFox的BackWord等)：D

LPI - Exam Emulation

2007-03-22T08:37:00.000+08:00

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Reference：www.linux-praxis.de
參考資料：www.linux-praxis.de

相當著名的一個德國網站，提供LPI 101 102範圍的練習考題，有心向LPIC的人大概都會知道吧。只有email就可以註冊帳號，並提供歷次成積查詢。出題方式採資料庫出題，跟正統LPI考試一樣可以回顧、只提供分數不提供答案。

名稱：LPI - Exam Emulation
範圍：LPI 101 102
網址：http://www.linux-praxis.de/lpisim/

後記：再把網頁往前翻到http://www.linux-praxis.de/就是它的首頁，都是有關LPIC的內容，其中http://www.linux-praxis.de/lpi.html是LPIC 101 102 201 202的學習導灠！只可惜是德文，看不太懂:D

Linux Text

2007-03-22T08:07:00.000+08:00

Indicate the source of this article,when you make a copy.
如需轉載本文請註明本文出處(lpi-note.blogspot.com)

Reference：www.ph-home.de
參考資料：www.ph-home.de

名稱：Linux Text
範圍：LPI 101
網址：http://www.ph-home.de/linux-test/lpi-1/index.php
說明：
也是德國的一個網站，提供LPI 101範圍的練習考題。共有十組考題，也提供答案。

後記：原本想改網址看有沒有其它考題範圍，結果都是空白頁 :D

LPI 筆記本 (LPI Note)

1.110 X視窗系統 詳細目標

1.104 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS 詳細目標

1.103 GNU與Unix指令 詳細目標

1.102 Linux的安裝與套件管理 詳細目標

1.101 硬體與架構 詳細目標

LPI Exam 202 Detailed Objectives

LPI Exam 201 Detailed Objectives

LPI Exam 102 Detailed Objectives

LPI Exam 101 Detailed Objectives

LPI Level 3 考試介紹

LPI Level 2 考試介紹

LPI Level 1 考試介紹

Linux的發音 by Torvalds

114 安全 主要內容

113 網路服務 主要內容

112 網路原理 主要內容

111 管理者的工作 主要內容

110 X視窗系統 主要內容

109 Shell、腳本、程式設計與編譯 主要內容

108 文件 主要內容

107 列印 主要內容

106 開關機、初始化與運作層級 主要內容

105 核心 主要內容

104 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS標準 主要內容

103 GNU與Unix命令 主要內容

102 Linux安裝與套件管理 主要內容

101 硬體與架構 主要內容

LPI 考試報考流程，以VUE為例 ！

安裝Linux的最小記憶體建議

Unix-like的shell下特殊組合鍵的功能

The LPIC-2 Exam Prep

LPI - Exam Emulation

Linux Text

1.110 X視窗系統詳細目標

1.103 GNU與Unix指令詳細目標

1.102 Linux的安裝與套件管理詳細目標

1.101 硬體與架構詳細目標

114 安全主要內容

113 網路服務主要內容

112 網路原理主要內容

111 管理者的工作主要內容

110 X視窗系統主要內容

109 Shell、腳本、程式設計與編譯主要內容

108 文件主要內容

107 列印主要內容

106 開關機、初始化與運作層級主要內容

105 核心主要內容

104 裝置、Linux檔案系統與FHS標準主要內容

103 GNU與Unix命令主要內容

102 Linux安裝與套件管理主要內容

101 硬體與架構主要內容

LPI 考試報考流程，以VUE為例！